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1 расщепленный гидроакустический излучатель
Русско-английский словарь по электронике > расщепленный гидроакустический излучатель
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2 расщепленный гидроакустический излучатель
Русско-английский словарь по радиоэлектронике > расщепленный гидроакустический излучатель
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3 двойной излучатель
Acoustics: split projectorУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > двойной излучатель
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4 расщеплённый гидроакустический излучатель
Electronics: split projectorУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > расщеплённый гидроакустический излучатель
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5 двойной излучатель
ак. split projector -
6 écran
écran [ekʀɑ̃]masculine noun• le petit écran ( = la télévision) the small screen• le grand écran ( = le cinéma) the big screen► écran solaire ( = crème) sun screen* * *ekʀɑ̃nom masculin2) Informatique, Télévision screen; Électrotechnique display3) ( pour masquer) lit, fig screen4) ( pour protéger) screen; ( nucléaire) shielding•Phrasal Verbs:* * *ekʀɑ̃ nm1) [télévision, ordinateur] screenle petit écran — television, the small screen
porter à l'écran CINÉMA — to adapt for the screen
2) (qui sépare ou dissimule) screenécran de fumée — screen of smoke, curtain of smoke, figsmokescreen
* * *écran nm1 Cin ( surface) screen; ( salle) cinema GB, movie theater US; ( art) cinema; écran (de projection) screen; écran géant/panoramique giant/panoramic screen; écran perlé beaded screen; le grand écran the big screen; projection vidéo sur grand écran video shown on the big screen; apparaître/montrer à l'écran to appear/show on (the) screen; porter une œuvre à l'écran to adapt a work for the cinema; crever l'écran to have a great screen presence; ‘bientôt sur vos écrans’ ‘coming soon to a cinema GB ou theater US near you’; le film sortira sur les écrans parisiens en mai the film will open in Paris in May;2 Ordinat, TV screen; Électron display; écran de téléviseur TV screen; le petit écran the small screen; une vedette du petit écran a TV star;3 ( pour masquer) lit, fig screen; la haie fait écran entre les jardins the hedge forms a screen between the gardens GB ou yards US; crème qui fait écran aux ultraviolets cream that screens out ultraviolet rays; crème écran total sun block; ⇒ société;4 ( pour protéger) screen; Nucl shielding; écran de protection protective screen; elle me faisait écran de son corps contre le vent her body screened me from the wind.écran antibruit soundproofing; écran cathodique fluorescent screen; écran de cheminée firescreen; écran de contrôle monitor; écran à cristaux liquides liquid crystal display, LCD; écran à fenêtres split screen; écran fluorescent = écran cathodique; écran de fumée lit screen of smoke; fig, Mil smokescreen; écran (à) haute définition high-resolution screen; écran plat flat screen; écran pleine page full page-display; écran radar radar screen; écran solaire Cosmét sunscreen; écran tactile touch screen; écran thermique Astronaut heat shield; écran total Cosmét sun block; écran vidéo video screen; écran de visualisation VDU screen.[ekrɑ̃] nom masculin1. [d'une console, d'un ordinateur] screenvedettes de l'écran movie stars, stars of the big screen3. TÉLÉVISIONfaire écran à: les nombreuses citations font écran à la clarté de l'article the numerous quotations make the article difficult to understand5. ART silk screen6. RADIO & TÉLÉVISION -
7 Eisler, Paul
[br]b. 1907 Vienna, Austria[br]Austrian engineer responsible for the invention of the printed circuit.[br]At the age of 23, Eisler obtained a Diploma in Engineering from the Technical University of Vienna. Because of the growing Nazi influence in Austria, he then accepted a post with the His Master's Voice (HMV) agents in Belgrade, where he worked on the problems of radio reception and sound transmission in railway trains. However, he soon returned to Vienna to found a weekly radio journal and file patents on graphical sound recording (for which he received a doctorate) and on a system of stereoscopic television based on lenticular vertical scanning.In 1936 he moved to England and sold the TV patent to Marconi for £250. Unable to find a job, he carried out experiments in his rooms in a Hampstead boarding-house; after making circuits using strip wires mounted on bakelite sheet, he filed his first printed-circuit patent that year. He then tried to find ways of printing the circuits, but without success. Obtaining a post with Odeon Theatres, he invented a sound-level control for films and devised a mirror-drum continuous-film projector, but with the outbreak of war in 1939, when the company was evacuated, he chose to stay in London and was interned for a while. Released in 1941, he began work with Henderson and Spalding, a firm of lithographic printers, to whom he unwittingly assigned all future patents for the paltry sum of £1. In due course he perfected a means of printing conducting circuits and on 3 February 1943 he filed three patents covering the process. The British Ministry of Defence rejected the idea, considering it of no use for military equipment, but after he had demonstrated the technique to American visitors it was enthusiastically taken up in the US for making proximity fuses, of which many millions were produced and used for the war effort. Subsequently the US Government ruled that all air-borne electronic circuits should be printed.In the late 1940s the Instrument Department of Henderson and Spalding was split off as Technograph Printed Circuits Ltd, with Eisler as Technical Director. In 1949 he filed a further patent covering a multilayer system; this was licensed to Pye and the Telegraph Condenser Company. A further refinement, patented in the 1950s, the use of the technique for telephone exchange equipment, but this was subsequently widely infringed and although he negotiated licences in the USA he found it difficult to license his ideas in Europe. In the UK he obtained finance from the National Research and Development Corporation, but they interfered and refused money for further development, and he eventually resigned from Technograph. Faced with litigation in the USA and open infringement in the UK, he found it difficult to establish his claims, but their validity was finally agreed by the Court of Appeal (1969) and the House of Lords (1971).As a freelance inventor he filed many other printed-circuit patents, including foil heating films and batteries. When his Patent Agents proved unwilling to fund the cost of filing and prosecuting Complete Specifications he set up his own company, Eisler Consultants Ltd, to promote food and space heating, including the use of heated cans and wallpaper! As Foil Heating Ltd he went into the production of heating films, the process subsequently being licensed to Thermal Technology Inc. in California.[br]Bibliography1953, "Printed circuits: some general principles and applications of the foil technique", Journal of the British Institution of Radio Engineers 13: 523.1959, The Technology of Printed Circuits: The Foil Technique in Electronic Production.1984–5, "Reflections of my life as an inventor", Circuit World 11:1–3 (a personal account of the development of the printed circuit).1989, My Life with the Printed Circuit, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press.KF -
8 Paul, Robert William
[br]b. 3 October 1869 Highbury, London, Englandd. 28 March 1943 London, England[br]English scientific instrument maker, inventor of the Unipivot electrical measuring instrument, and pioneer of cinematography.[br]Paul was educated at the City of London School and Finsbury Technical College. He worked first for a short time in the Bell Telephone Works in Antwerp, Belgium, and then in the electrical instrument shop of Elliott Brothers in the Strand until 1891, when he opened an instrument-making business at 44 Hatton Garden, London. He specialized in the design and manufacture of electrical instruments, including the Ayrton Mather galvanometer. In 1902, with a purpose-built factory, he began large batch production of his instruments. He also opened a factory in New York, where uncalibrated instruments from England were calibrated for American customers. In 1903 Paul introduced the Unipivot galvanometer, in which the coil was supported at the centre of gravity of the moving system on a single pivot. The pivotal friction was less than in a conventional instrument and could be used without accurate levelling, the sensitivity being far beyond that of any pivoted galvanometer then in existence.In 1894 Paul was asked by two entrepreneurs to make copies of Edison's kinetoscope, the pioneering peep-show moving-picture viewer, which had just arrived in London. Discovering that Edison had omitted to patent the machine in England, and observing that there was considerable demand for the machine from show-people, he began production, making six before the end of the year. Altogether, he made about sixty-six units, some of which were exported. Although Edison's machine was not patented, his films were certainly copyrighted, so Paul now needed a cinematographic camera to make new subjects for his customers. Early in 1895 he came into contact with Birt Acres, who was also working on the design of a movie camera. Acres's design was somewhat impractical, but Paul constructed a working model with which Acres filmed the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on 30 March, and the Derby at Epsom on 29 May. Paul was unhappy with the inefficient design, and developed a new intermittent mechanism based on the principle of the Maltese cross. Despite having signed a ten-year agreement with Paul, Acres split with him on 12 July 1895, after having unilaterally patented their original camera design on 27 May. By the early weeks of 1896, Paul had developed a projector mechanism that also used the Maltese cross and which he demonstrated at the Finsbury Technical College on 20 February 1896. His Theatrograph was intended for sale, and was shown in a number of venues in London during March, notably at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square. There the renamed Animatographe was used to show, among other subjects, the Derby of 1896, which was won by the Prince of Wales's horse "Persimmon" and the film of which was shown the next day to enthusiastic crowds. The production of films turned out to be quite profitable: in the first year of the business, from March 1896, Paul made a net profit of £12,838 on a capital outlay of about £1,000. By the end of the year there were at least five shows running in London that were using Paul's projectors and screening films made by him or his staff.Paul played a major part in establishing the film business in England through his readiness to sell apparatus at a time when most of his rivals reserved their equipment for sole exploitation. He went on to become a leading producer of films, specializing in trick effects, many of which he pioneered. He was affectionately known in the trade as "Daddy Paul", truly considered to be the "father" of the British film industry. He continued to appreciate fully the possibilities of cinematography for scientific work, and in collaboration with Professor Silvanus P.Thompson films were made to illustrate various phenomena to students.Paul ended his involvement with film making in 1910 to concentrate on his instrument business; on his retirement in 1920, this was amalgamated with the Cambridge Instrument Company. In his will he left shares valued at over £100,000 to form the R.W.Paul Instrument Fund, to be administered by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, of which he had been a member since 1887. The fund was to provide instruments of an unusual nature to assist physical research.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFellow of the Physical Society 1920. Institution of Electrical Engineers Duddell Medal 1938.Bibliography17 March 1903, British patent no. 6,113 (the Unipivot instrument).1931, "Some electrical instruments at the Faraday Centenary Exhibition 1931", Journal of Scientific Instruments 8:337–48.Further ReadingObituary, 1943, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 90(1):540–1. P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp.308–9 (for a brief account of the Unipivot instrument).John Barnes, 1976, The Beginnings of Cinema in Britain, London. Brian Coe, 1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.BC / GW
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